Dark-skinned is a neutral, factual descriptor for someone with naturally dark skin, commonly used in everyday conversation and writing. Brown-skinned is more specific about color tone and is interchangeable in most descriptive contexts but slightly less common. Black is a much broader term — it can refer to skin color, but it also carries strong social, cultural, and ethnic meanings related to race and identity, making it more loaded in casual use. Melanated is a newer, empowerment-oriented term that emphasizes melanin as a positive biological trait; it appears mostly in identity-affirming or educational contexts. For neutral description of physical appearance, dark-skinned remains the safest and most widely understood choice. For example: 'A dark-skinned woman walked into the room' — purely descriptive. 'A black woman walked into the room' — also describes appearance but adds racial identity. 'A melanated woman' — feels intentional and culturally aware.
Dark-skinned is a compound adjective formed from 'dark' (from Old English deorc, meaning 'without light' or 'gloomy') and 'skinned' (from Old Norse skinn, meaning 'animal hide' or 'skin'). The combined form has been used in English since at least the 16th century to describe people with naturally dark skin pigmentation, appearing in travel writing, natural history, and eventually everyday description.